To operate efficiently and ensure reliability, heat must be removed from heat generating power components. As a result of faster speeds, reduced format, and more devices being populated on PCB’s, more heat is being generated that must be removed for efficient operation.
The move to sustainable-energy increased the demand for energy management electronics which also create much heat because of the high electrical currents as used on these applications.
Thermal management through various applications aids in directing heat away from heat generating system components. The following are a review of various thermal management approaches, applications and capabilities that can be supported.
PCB thermal management Options
Embedded Coin
The term Embedded Coin is the general notation for a metal coin that is inserted or contained within a PCB. Variations of Embedded Coins are;
- Copper In-Lay – Circular Press-fit coins
- Press Fit Coins (PFC) where the shape of the coin can be of any configuration typically matching the footprint of the component
- Embedded coins inserted during the lamination process
- E-Coin
Copper In-Lay – Circular Press-fit coins
Press Fit Coins (PFC)
Why choose Embedded Coin-technology over thermal via?
Heat transportation by using Thermal Vias – Rth = 1.3K/W
Heat transportation by using Copper In-lay – Rth = 0.05K/W
As we can see from the result in copper – Inlay process amount of copper makes significant difference in Heat-spread and ‘Thermal Resistance’ compared to Thermal Via
Copper In-Lay (Press-fit technology)
Copper In-Lay (press-fit) is a form of inserting a copper coin or heatsink into a board.
In this configuration the coin is round and has small cleats that engage into the opening that was formed during PCB processing. The In-Lay / Coin is inserted during the PCB processing.
Copper In-Lay Coin
The Copper In-Lay Coin advantages include below
- Good thermal dissipation of small devices.
- The In-Lay opening can be tightly controlled (drilling process) resulting in good mechanical retention of the coin.
- Good planarity of the coin surface top and bottom can be maintained
- Lower cost (compared to ‘embedded coin’).
- High volume process (automated assembling) can be supported
Copper In-Lay (Press-fit technology) Process:
Copper in-lay coin Can be supported for Double sided or multi-layer PCB. Typically, the openings are formed by drilling the In-Lay opening. Feature size is more tightly controlled.
Double sided or multi-layer PCB
Typically the openings are formed by drilling the In-Lay opening. Feature size is more tightly controlled.
The In-Lay coins are inserted after the openings have been plated. The retention of the In-Lay is through a mechanical interference fit and final surface finish
The completed In-Lay ready for application of the PCB components
PCB with Copper In-Lay Coin
PCB with Copper In-Lay Coin
Copper in-lay Coin Top view
Copper in-lay Coin Cross-section View
Press Fit Coins (PFC)
Press Fit Coins (PFC) are a derivative of the copper In-lay coin. The primary difference is the heatsink format is typically larger and a customized shape. The PFC also uses cleats/nubs for coin retention. Press Fit Coin advantages includes:
- Good thermal dissipation
- Can provide ground connection through the plated opening to ground layers
- Good planarity of the coin surface top and bottom
- Coin format or size available in almost any format
- More difficult to control the press-fit opening in PCB as routing process is required
While the Press fit Coin thickness is matched closely to the PCB thickness a primary side should be chosen for the most critical side that tight planarity of the coin to PCB surface is desired.
The secondary side may have more variation of planarity due to PCB and coin thickness tolerances
PCB with Press fit coin
Press Fit Coin (PFC) for PCB
Press-fit coin – RF-transistor
- Normally use RO4350B single structure
- Drill countersink
- Press the coin into the cavity
- Control the tolerance of cavity size within +/-3mil after plating
- Control the tolerance of coin size within +/- 1mil
- Control the co-planarity tolerance within +0/- 0.14mm (coin vs. SMT pad around the cavity)
Press-fit coin for RF-transistor
Embedded Coin
The coins in a design are built within the PCB but without the aid of cleats.
Straight through all layers (no step, single X & Y dimensions) or Coins can have a step/pedestal design (like E-coin)
Embedded coin advantages;
- May have ground connection (drilled holes, some thickness restrictions)
- Is bonded to the PCB through prepreg flow of coin openings
- Can be matched for required planarity on chassis side of PCB
- Coin format can vary for most application
Embedded Coin PCB manufacturing Process
Multi-layer PCB is built in sub part pieces. These sub assembly have routed openings to accommodate the coin during the lamination process
Coin is inserted during lamination into the previously created openings in the sub parts
The final PCB with e-coin can now have the heat generating device mounted directly on the coin.
The inserted coin can also be designed such that the surface can be recessed from the top surface. In this case there could be devices that are attached to the coin surface and then attached to the PCB through wire bonding
Embedded Coin Example
Embedded coin PCB cross-section
Embedded coin PCB Top side
Embedded coin PCB Bottom side
Embedded coin PCB Top side
Embedded coin Bottom side
Typical for PCB with high-performance RF-transistors coin is recessed from the top surface for component-housings that needs to be embedded in PCB and component-leads are on PCB surface.
The RF transistor already is attached to a heat-sink / spreader which is connected to GND and requires a solid connection to the grounded embedded coin in PCB.
E-coin
E-coins uniqueness is the combination of the coin flanges and the application of a thermally and electrically conductive adhesive to aid in grounding contact of the coin to internal ground layers.
The e-coin is inserted into the PCB during the lamination process. The e-coin has several advantages as below
- Good thermal dissipation
- Good electrical grounding
- Good planarity of the coin surface top and bottom
- Reliability of the coin connection due to the encapsulation of the coin by the PCB materials
Multi-layer PCB is built in sub part pieces. These subs have routed openings to accommodate the coin during final lamination.
The coin is then inserted into the sub parts during lamination. This completely encapsulates the coin within the PCB structure. The coins were previously prepped with the conductive adhesive on the coin flanges
The final PCB with e-coin can now have the heat generating device mounted directly on the coin. As shown this assembly can then be attached to a secondary heatsink or chassis for addition thermal dissipation
Cerra Systems Boards Fabrication capabilities support high-frequency PCB, High-temperature Boards, Thick PCB, ultra-thin PCB, heavy copper PCB, Metal Core PCB, HDI boards with Blind Vias, Buried Vias, Micro Vias, Embedded passives, bonded heat sink, Impedance Control, Depth control drilling, Back drilling, Edge Plated PCB, Bump Pads, cavity with ledge, Via on pad and stacked micro-Via technology.
CerraSystems – http://cerrasystems.com
HDI PCB , Rigid Flex PCB, RF PCB
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Argus Systems (AESPL) – www.sysargus.com
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